Premature deaths related to air pollution in the Netherlands 2021, by pollutant
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations above the WHO AQ guideline was attributable to roughly 5,700 premature deaths in the Netherlands in 2021. Meanwhile, exposure to harmful levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) led to an additional 1,800 premature deaths in the European country that year. In recent years, the average annual PM2.5 concentration in Amsterdam – the Netherlands' capital – surpassed 10 micrograms per cubic meter of air.